Tibet+-+Industrial+&+Artistic+Technology



__Wooden Block Prints__
 * Wooden Blocks Usually Taken from Southern Forested Regions
 * Designs First Drawn Using Charcoal on Wood
 * Template for Carving
 * Large Areas of Suppressed Work Taken First
 * Fine Details Outlined with Small, Sharp Blade
 * Wood Smoothed with Stones
 * Effectively Sealed with Transparent Liquid
 * Liquid Hardens Surface, Water Proofs Wood
 * Much Like Treating of Scrolls in Thang-ka
 * Suppressed Wood Does Not Come into Contact with Ink
 * Design Mirrored and Printed onto Cloth Weave
 * Not Treated to Same Extent as in Thang-ka
 * Chinese Influence Noticeable in Reversed Design
 * Eliminates Mirroring Effect of Print
 * Indians Helped Introduce Application of Wooden Block Prints to Text

__Metal Images & Metal Work__
 *  Alternate to Chinese Customs, Metal Works Not Reserved for Luxury
 * Tibetan Employed Metal Working for Function as Well
 * Incense Burners, Cleaning Dishes (Wood Would Rot), Vases, Ewers, etc.
 * Artistic Applications Diverse, Not Specific to Metal Images
 * Framework of Thang-ka Religious Scroll Paintings
 * Used For Decorative Handles of Wooden Block Prints
 * Buddhism Brought Religious Kundika (Ewer)
 * Metals Expensive, Used Bronze, Silver, and Gold
 * During Trade Cut Offs (Routes Forfeited, War Ongoing), Raising Used
 * Thin Sheets Fused at Lips of Bowls
 * Provided Insulation as Well, Saves Metal
 * Engraving Would Risk Tearing the Metal
 * Tracing Used
 * Bowl Placed on Wooden Block
 * Rounded Chisel Used to Indent Pattern
 * Early Examples of Mirrors Produced
 * Metal Washed Several Times
 * Polished Against Wooden Block, with Treated Animal Shell
 * Furs Never Used, Particulates Scratched Surface

__Religious Scroll Paintings (Thang-ka)__
 * Usually Symmetrical
 * Distinct Arrangement of Divine Figures
 * During Bon Period (Prior to Rule of Sron-brtsan Sgam-po)
 * Few Paintings
 * Often Depict Landscape
 * Rarely Refer to Religious Figures
 * Following Invoking of Buddhism (Post Sgam-po Rule)
 * Buddhist Texts Not Translated
 * Divine Figures Primary Depictions
 * Common Practice in Northern Tibet
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Chinese Influence Largely Noticeable After Early 8th Century
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Now One Primary Divine Figure Depicted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Amongst Other Divine Figures
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Landscapes of Bon Influence Become more Prominent
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Brushes Used Scarcely
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Made of Hair from Domestic Livestock
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Usually Yak
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Scrolls Composed of Woven Fibers, Usually Cotton
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Treated with Lime Slaked in Water
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Mixed with Animal Glue (Horns, Hooves, etc.)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Scrolls Stretched Over Wood Blocks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Frames Came Late 8th Century, Chinese and Arab Influence
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Surface Hardens, Buffed with Animal Shell
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Secured with Metal Borders
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Figures Drawn Out with Charcoal First
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Filled in with Colors, Derived from Minerals
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Mixed with Lime and Gluten
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Backgrounds Filled in with Gold
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Silk Woven on Bottom



<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">__Architecture__
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Dynastic Period Architecture Consistent Throughout Modern Tibet (Xizang)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Buildings Comprised of Solid Stone
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Flat Roofs Permitted by Scarce Precipitation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Walls Sloped Inwards for Stability
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Chor-‘ten, Domed Structure Widely Applied in Ancient Architecture
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Persistent in Buddhist Houses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Also Known as Stupa
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Stone Buildings Decorated with Wood Carving Trims
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Roofs Bordered with Decorative Treated Wood
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Animal Glue Mixture, Painted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Metal Accents

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">__Military Applications__
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Tibetans Developed Chain Mail Protection Early On
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Tibetans Used Chain Mail Underneath Plating
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Horses Heavily Protected, Chain Mail and Plating
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Armoring Covered Soldiers Near Completely
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Mobility Still Permitted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Only Eyes Exposed for Commanders
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Soldiers Exposed only the Face and Forearms
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Armor Suits Often Confiscated from Captured Tibetan Forces
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Used not for Undercover, but for Heightened Protection
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Chinese Attempts to Replicate Structure Failed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Mobility Greatly Hindered
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">In Later Years, Tibetan Armor Traded for Texts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Alternate Resources (Produce, Livestock, etc.)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Chain Mail Adopted by Turgis and Arab Forces During Alliances
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Copied During Times of War
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">T’ang Dynastic Scholars Wrote the Following:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">”The men and horses all wear chain mail armor. Its workmanship is <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">extremely fine. It envelops them completely, leaving only eye openings. Thus, strong bows and sharp swords cannot injure them.”



<span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__Citations:__ <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">"East Asian arts." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 May. 2009 <[]>. <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">"Tibet (Xizang)." Encyclopedia Americana. 2009. Grolier Online. 2 May 2009 <[|__http://ea.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0386030-03__]>. <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">"Buddhism." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 May. 2009 <[]>. <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">"printmaking." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 May. 2009 <[|__http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477079/printmaking__]>.

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> All Information Cross Referenced With: __ <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">"Tibet." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 02 May. 2009 <[|__http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/594898/Tibet__]>. <span style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">

Beckwith, Christopher I. Tibetan Empire in central Asia a history of the struggle for great power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the early Middle Ages. Princeton, N.J: Princeton UP, 1987.