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**__Attention to Infrastructure__**  **__Aqueducts__ (aqua=water, duct=channel)**
 *  Engineers created impressive architectural infrastructure: aqueducts, drains, sewers
 *  Fresh clean water and sewers prevented diseases from drinking dirty water or from sewage left around streets and houses
 *  Only rich have water piped to homes; other use public fountains
 *  Need for enhanced water system to service larger empire, supply populated city and traveling army
 *  Line of arches joined together with a channel on top to carry water
 *  Provided drinking water, indoor sewage systems to carry water away from city, water for bathhouses
 * Most aqueducts underground: conduits made of terra cotta and stone
 * Small portion of aqueducts have channels on top on stone arches to cross over valleys
 * Water officials ensured cleanliness and attempted to prevent illegal tapping into system
 *  **321 BC**: First aqueduct built; 11 aqueducts built by 226 AD to bring water to Rome from streams up to 92 km away
 * Technology of Aqueducts**
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Water ran from natural fresh streams, then diverted to flow (mainly) underground to Rome
 * Slight slope toward city enabled water water to run downhill (gravity)
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Settling tanks along the way allowed sediment to sink
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Water collected in large tanks (cisterns) and piped through tile or lead conduits to public baths and fountains and some private villas and palace
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Water from public baths reused in public toilets on Roman streets

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">**Drainage** <span style="color: rgb(0,0,128); font-family: Tahoma;">
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Extensive network of drains and sewers
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Open gutters and sewers ran down the middle and sides of streets
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> Underground drains removed dirty water and   sewage  ; f lushed through with water from public baths to avoid stench
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Sewers flushed with excess water from aqueducts and runoff water from local streams
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Coaca Maxima (Greatest Sewer)--first sewer creatd to deeal with swamps around Rome; System of open drainage channels and tunnels draining pest-infested marshes and waste from public buildings into Tiber


 * Citations**
 * Matyszak, Philip. __Chronicle of the Roman Republic__. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004
 * "** Aqua Appia **." __Encyclopædia Britannica__. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 May. 2009 <[]>.
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'times new roman'; webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">BBC. "Technology." __Romans- Technology__. 2009. 9 May 2009 <[] >.
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: 'times new roman'; webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Duckeck, Jochen. "Cloaca Maxima." __Subterranea of Italy: Cloaca Maxima__<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">. 2008. 9 May 2009 <http://www.showcaves.com/english/it/misc/CloacaMaxima.html>.