Science+&+Mathematical+Contibutions



    **During the 1600's   **
 * Newton created his three laws of motion [1]
 * 1st Law: **Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2nd Law: <span style="font-family: helvetica,geneva,arial;">**An object's force is determined by //F = ma//. F = force; m = mass; a = acceleration;**
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">3rd Law: <span style="font-family: helvetica,geneva,arial;">**For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.**

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(245, 66, 66);">During the 1700's ** **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(245, 66, 66);"> [3] ** > > <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(245, 66, 66);">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Newton explains //principles of colour in optics//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Thomas Newcomen invents //steam powered piston engine//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">James Watt makes //vast improvements to Newcomen's steam engine// (mainly makes it more efficient)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">railway travel throughout the empire becomes more efficient and cheaper <span style="color: rgb(245, 66, 66);">[[image:http://www.brasscompass.com/sextcaptain1.jpg width="249" height="218" align="right" caption="A sextant - this tool measures the altiutde of an object in space" link="http://www.brasscompass.com/sextcaptain1.jpg"]]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">//octant// navigational aid invented (early stage protractor)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Royal Navy started its first //lime rations// to combat scurvy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">they started to understand why scurvy occurred and how solve it
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">due to this discovery, sailing became more safer
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Benjamin Franklin hypothesizes the //Theory of Electricity//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">John Campbell invents the //sextant// (calculates the altitude of an object in space)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);"> started a major shift towards astronomy in England
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">James Hargreaves invents the //spinning jenny// (multi-spool spinning wheel)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">made the process of creating clothes faster
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Henry Cavendish //discovers hydrogen//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">//Water-powered spinning machine// invented
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Daniel Rutherford //discovers nitrogen//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Joseph Priestley //discovers oxygen//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Thomas Crapper built, the previously designed, //the flush toilet//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">his last name may have been the reason towards the invention of the word "crap"
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Frederick William Herschel //discovers Uranus//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Joseph Bramah creates the //hydraulic press//
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Edward Jenner develops the //smallpox vaccine//


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(245, 66, 66);"> During the 1800 - 1814 **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Dalton creates the //Atomic Theory// [2]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">All atoms of an element are identical.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">The atoms of an element are different from those of any other element - they can be distinguished by their weights.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Atoms of an element can combine with others to form chemical compounds; compounds have the same relative numbers of types of atoms.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">Atoms cannot be created, divided, nor destroyed.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28);">A chemical reaction changes the way atoms are grouped together.

1 - "[|Newton's laws of motion]." __A Dictionary of Astronomy__. 1997. //Encyclopedia.com.// 10 May. 2009 <[]>. 2 - "John Dalton." // Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]//. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. 3 - "United Kingdom [IV. Culture and Arts of The United Kingdom: I. Science and Technology]." // Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]//. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 200%; text-align: center; display: block; color: rgb(188, 21, 21);"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; color: rgb(28, 146, 28); text-align: left; display: block; font-size: 50%;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 72, 255); text-align: center; display: block;"><span style="color: rgb(65, 230, 86);">Rise of The British Empire | Home<span style="color: rgb(16, 157, 33);"> <span style="color: rgb(65, 230, 86);">
 * References**