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Early Republic: little creativity or originality--pervasive influence of Greek (and Etruscan) art and literature **__Architecture__**
 *  Greek art and literature brought back from political expansion in southern Italy and Sicily, mainland Greece, and Asia Minor: (3rd and 2nd centuries BC)
 *  Innovations, mainly architecture
 * invented **concrete**, new building technique
 * mastered **arches** for large-scale construction

 ­  Used as cladding around rubble cores, simple moldings, column bases and capitals ||  ­  Used for water systems, cisterns, sewers ||  ­  Strong, cheap waterproof mass supporting a lot of weight and replacing cumbersome and costly-to-transport large-block ashlar walling  ­  Freed architecture from Greek post-and-lintel system, straight lines, narrow spacing || **Production of concrete**  ­  Lime, water and mortar from volcanic brick earth (pozzolana) added to rubble aggregate  ­  Poured into reusable wooden moulds to harden  ­  Bonded to stone or brick facing  ­  Framework removed and rough surfaces faced with stucco, marble panels, or mosaics || **Explored potential of arch invented by Greeks** __**Sculpture**__
 * ** Popular Materials ** ||
 * Tufo ||  ­  Inexpensive, light volcanic stone, easily quarried into regular shapes
 * Travertine ||  ­  Coarse limestone replaced tufo for decoration, facings, pavements ||
 * Terra cotta ||  ­  Baked clay for roof tiles, exposed flooring, over hot air heating systems ||
 * Mortar ||  ­  Coarse material strengthened rubble cores of foundations, podia, walls ||
 * Fine plaster ||  ­  Covered interior and exterior walls with smooth watertight skin
 * Concrete || <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Wingdings 3';"> ­  Prime building material invented (2nd half of 3rd century BC)
 * Combined arch and concrete for semi-circular tunnel vault to span large
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Eliminated supportive columns that overcrowded
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Used for aqueducts and bridges

**Historical relief sculpture in marble** **__Roman Literature__**
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Set up on public buildings (temples, monuments) to depict real events
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Represented events as //direct reporting// rather than Greek mythological representation[[image:Bust_of_Man.jpg width="141" height="177" align="right" caption="Bust of man with imperfections http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropo/hd_ropo.htm" link="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropo/hd_ropo.htm"]]s
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Combined history and myth by using figures from divine world and ordinary people
 * Republican portraits:** Verism
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Marble heads of prominent citizens revealed admiration for civic and older political leaders
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Sacrificed idealism: used stark realism to reveal unflattering warts, pimples, wrinkles, and forehead furrows
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Writing copied Greek literary style
 * <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Playwrights **Plautus** and **Terence** wrote slap-stick comedies in verse (2nd century BC)
 * Historian **Polybius**, Greek-turned Roman, recorded events (__Histories__)

<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">**Citations**
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Ramage, Nancy, and Andrew Ramage. __Roman Art__. Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 1996.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Boardman, John. __The Oxford Illustrated History of the Roman World.__ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">"Essential Humanities." __Roman Architecture__<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">. 2009. 9 May 2009 <http://www.essentialhumanities.net/arch2_3.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">Trentinella, Rosemarie. "Roman Portraits." __Roman Portrait Sculpture: Republican through Constantinian__<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">. 2009. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 9 May 2009 <http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropo/hd_ropo.htm>.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">"Rome, Ancient: Art and Architecture" __Encyclopedia Americana__. 2009. Grolier Online. 29 April 2009 <[]>.